By the end of the 1980s, qualities such as "home-recorded", "technically primitive", and "inexpensive equipment" were commonly associated with the "lo-fi" label, and throughout the 1990s, such ideas became central to how "lo-fi" was popularly understood. Afterward, "DIY" was often used interchangeably with "lo-fi". There was virtually no appreciation for the imperfections of lo-fi music among critics until the 1980s, during which there was an emergent romanticism for home-recording and " do-it-yourself" (DIY) qualities. Murray Schafer, in the glossary for his 1977 book The Tuning of the World, defined the term as "unfavourable signal-to-noise ratio." ![]() In the 1976 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, lo-fi was added under the definition of "sound production less good in quality than 'hi-fi'". ![]() Usually spelled as "low-fi" before the 1990s, the term has existed since at least the 1950s, shortly after the acceptance of "high fidelity", and its definition evolved continuously between the 1970s and 2000s. Historically, the prescriptions of "lo-fi" have been relative to technological advances and the expectations of ordinary music listeners, causing the rhetoric and discourse surrounding the term to shift numerous times. ![]() Adam Harper, Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse (2014) Īt its most crudely sketched, lo-fi was primitivist and realist in the 1980s, postmodern in the 1990s, and archaicist in the 2000s. In the late 2000s, lo-fi aesthetics served as the basis of the chillwave and hypnagogic pop music genres. The notion of "bedroom" musicians expanded following the rise of modern digital audio workstations, leading to the invention of the nearly synonymous term bedroom pop. At various points since the 1980s, "lo-fi" has been connected with cassette culture, the DIY ethos of punk, primitivism, outsider music, authenticity, slacker/ Generation X stereotypes, and cultural nostalgia. Stevie Moore (often called " the godfather of home recording"), Paul McCartney ( McCartney), Todd Rundgren, Peter Ivers, Jandek, Daniel Johnston, Guided by Voices, Sebadoh, Beck, Pavement, and Ariel Pink.Īlthough "lo-fi" has been in the cultural lexicon for approximately as long as " high fidelity", WFMU disc jockey William Berger is usually credited with popularizing the term in 1986. Pioneering, influential, or otherwise significant artists include the Beach Boys ( Smiley Smile and Wild Honey), R. Traditionally, lo-fi has been characterized by the inclusion of elements normally viewed as undesirable in professional contexts, such as misplayed notes, environmental interference, or phonographic imperfections (degraded audio signals, tape hiss, and so on). Harmonic distortion and " analog warmth" are sometimes confused as core features of lo-fi music. Lo-fi began to be recognized as a style of popular music in the 1990s, when it became alternately referred to as DIY music (from " do it yourself"). The standards of sound quality ( fidelity) and music production have evolved throughout the decades, meaning that some older examples of lo-fi may not have been originally recognized as such. ![]() Lo-fi (also typeset as lofi or low-fi short for low fidelity) is a music or production quality in which elements usually regarded as imperfections in the context of a recording or performance are present, sometimes as a deliberate choice. A minimal bedroom studio set-up with 1980s–1990s equipment
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